Understanding Air Quality And Forest Fire

Fundamentals of Air Quality

Air quality measures how clean or polluted the air is, which is crucial for the health of humans, animals, and plants. Good air quality means the air is clean, clear, and free from pollutants and harmful particles. It consists mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of other gases. Conversely, poor air quality indicates the presence of pollution, which can be detrimental to human health and the environment.

Human activities like industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and agricultural practices introduce pollutants into the atmosphere. Events such as wildfires and volcanic eruptions can also contribute to air pollution. Monitoring air quality helps mitigate these negative impacts and protect public health.

How Air Quality is Measured?

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardized tool, used globally to measure and report air quality. You can think of it as working like a thermometer. The difference between the two is that instead of measuring the temperature, it gauges the level of pollutants in the air. The AQHI scale runs from 1 to 10+, where 1-3 represents low risk, 4-6 means moderate risk, 7-10 indicates high risk, and values above 10 signify very high risk. This index helps Canadians understand the potential health risks associated with current air quality levels and take appropriate actions to protect themselves.

Understanding air quality and how it is measured helps individuals and communities reduce exposure to harmful pollutants and can motivate them to advocate for cleaner air policies.

The AQI tracks five major pollutants:

1. Ground-level ozone
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Sulfur dioxide
4. Nitrogen dioxide
5. Airborne particles (aerosols)

Major Pollutants Affecting Air Quality

The two major pollutants that cause the greatest risk to human health in North America, and the two main ingredients in smog, are ground-level ozone and airborne particles.

• Ground-Level Ozone - Ground-level ozone, a key component of smog, is formed when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, and industrial processes react to sunlight. It can cause respiratory issues, aggravate asthma, and reduce lung function.
• Airborne Particles (Particulate Matter) - Particulate matter (PM) consists of tiny particles suspended in the air. These particles can be a mixture of solids and liquids, including dust, dirt, soot, and smoke. PM is categorized based on size:

1. PM10 (particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or smaller); and 
2. PM2.5 (particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or smaller)

PM2.5 is particularly dangerous as it can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing serious health problems.

The Impact of Wildfires on Air Quality

Wildfires are a major environmental concern, especially in regions prone to dry conditions and abundant vegetation. These fires can significantly degrade air quality, affecting visibility and human health. In British Columbia alone, an average of 74,000 acres are lost to wildfires annually. The smoke from these fires can spread across vast distances, impacting air quality globally for weeks, or even months, and can affect the health and well-being of thousands of people.

Health Implications of Poor Air Quality Due to Wildfire Smoke

Wildfire smoke is a complex mixture of gases and fine particles produced when wood and other organic materials burn. The health effects of exposure to wildfire smoke can range from mild to severe, depending on the concentration of pollutants and the duration of exposure. Trips to the doctor and hospital visits also increase and can be expected to occur during times of decreased air quality. Common health issues include:

• Respiratory Problems - The most immediate and noticeable effect of wildfire smoke exposure is respiratory distress. Fine particles in the smoke can penetrate the lungs, causing coughing, trouble breathing, bronchitis, and exacerbation of asthma and other respiratory conditions. For individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, this can lead to severe complications and a significant decrease in quality of life.
• Cardiovascular Issues - Elevated levels of particulate matter from wildfire smoke are also linked to serious cardiovascular issues. These fine particles can enter the bloodstream and cause systemic inflammation, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with existing heart conditions, are particularly at risk.
• Long-Term Health Effects - Chronic exposure to polluted air, including wildfire smoke, can lead to persistent inflammation in the body, which in turn heightens the risk of developing heart disease. Moreover, long-term exposure can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections, including severe illnesses like COVID-19. Studies have shown that people living in areas with frequent wildfires may suffer from long-term lung damage and reduced lung function.
• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Wildfire smoke contains high levels of carbon monoxide, a colorless and odorless gas that can be deadly in high concentrations. Carbon monoxide poisoning can cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, and in severe cases, death. During wildfire events, people must recognize these symptoms early and seek immediate medical attention if they suspect carbon monoxide poisoning.
• Mental Health Impacts - The stress and anxiety caused by prolonged exposure to poor air quality from wildfires can also have significant mental health impacts. The constant threat of evacuation, property loss, and health concerns can lead to chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. Mental health support and resources are essential during and after wildfire events to help affected individuals cope with these psychological challenges.

Effect of Air Quality on Vulnerable Populations 

Certain groups are more vulnerable to the effects of poor air quality caused by wildfires. These include:

• Children and Infants - Their developing lungs are more susceptible to damage from pollutants.
• Elderly Individuals - Older adults are more likely to have pre-existing health conditions that can be exacerbated by poor air quality.
• People with Pre-existing Health Conditions - Individuals with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heart disease are at greater risk.
• Pregnant Women - Exposure to high levels of air pollution can affect fetal development and lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Protecting Yourself from Poor Air Quality

Staying Informed: Air Quality Advisories

One of the best ways to protect yourself from poor air quality is to stay informed about current conditions. Check air quality advisories regularly through local news, weather websites, and air quality apps. This information can help you plan your activities and take necessary precautions when air quality is poor.

Practical Steps to Protect Yourself from Poor Air Quality

• Stay Indoors - When air quality is poor, especially during wildfire events, it is best to stay indoors. This reduces your exposure to harmful pollutants. Ensure your home is sealed properly, with windows and doors closed. Use air conditioning on the recirculation setting to avoid bringing in outdoor air.
• Use Air Purifiers - Air purifiers with HEPA filters can significantly improve indoor air quality by removing fine particles from within the air. Place air purifiers in rooms where you spend the most time, such as bedrooms and living areas.
• Wear Protective Masks - Not all masks are effective against particulate matter. Ordinary dust masks do not offer adequate protection. Instead, use a mask with an N95 or N100 filter. These masks can filter out fine particles. However, these masks can be difficult for those with lung conditions to use. They must also fit properly to be effective. Consult with a healthcare professional if you have concerns about using these masks.
• Protect Children and At-Risk Individuals - Children should not wear masks as they may not fit properly. Instead, ensure they stay indoors during periods of poor air quality. Extra precautions should be taken for individuals with pre-existing health conditions, the elderly, and pregnant women.
• Reduce Outdoor Activities - Avoid outdoor exercise and other strenuous activities when air quality is poor. Exercise increases your breathing rate, leading to a higher intake of pollutants.

Protecting Your Home by Enhance Air Quality

• Seal Your Home - Make sure your home is well-sealed to prevent outdoor air from entering. Use damp towels to block gaps under doors and windows. Close fireplace dampers and use exhaust fans sparingly, as they can draw in outdoor air.
• Use Air Conditioning Wisely - Run your air conditioner on the recirculation setting to keep indoor air clean. If your AC unit has a fresh air intake, close it to prevent outdoor air from entering.
• Create a Clean Room - Designate a room in your home as a "clean room" where you can retreat during periods of poor air quality. Use an air purifier in this room and keep doors and windows closed.

Air Quality in Vehicles

• Roll Up Windows and Use Recirculation - When driving through areas with poor air quality, keep your car windows rolled up and use the air conditioning system’s recirculation setting. This minimizes the intake of polluted outdoor air.
• Regular Maintenance - Regularly replace your vehicle’s air filters to ensure they are effectively filtering out pollutants. Consider installing a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter in your automobile if it is compatible.

Additional Strategies to Maintain Air Quality

• Hydration and Diet - Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water, which helps your body to flush out toxins. Eating a diet rich in antioxidants can also help your body combat the effects of air pollution.
• Indoor Plants - Certain indoor plants can help improve air quality by absorbing pollutants. Plants such as spider plants, peace lilies, and snake plants can act as natural air purifiers.

Safeguarding Health During Poor Air Quality Events

Air quality is a crucial aspect of our environment that directly impacts our health and well-being. Understanding how air quality is measured, the effects of wildfires on air quality, and the steps we can take to protect ourselves can help mitigate the risks associated with poor air quality. By staying informed and taking proactive measures, we can safeguard our health and the health of our loved ones during periods of poor air quality.

Long-Term Strategies for Improving Air Quality

• Advocacy and Policy Change - Support policies and initiatives aimed at reducing air pollution. Advocate for stronger environmental regulations and cleaner energy sources to improve air quality in your community.
• Community Involvement - Participate in local efforts to monitor and improve air quality. Join or support community groups that work towards reducing pollution and protecting the environment.

Personal Responsibility

• Reducing Personal Emissions - Limit activities that contribute to air pollution. For example, driving your own fossil fuel-powered motor vehicles. Use public transportation, carpool, or switch to electric or hybrid vehicles.
• Energy Conservation - Reduce your energy consumption by using energy-efficient appliances and conserving electricity. This can help decrease emissions from power plants that contribute to poor air quality.

Future Outlook for Air Quality

As we continue to address the challenges posed by air pollution, including pollution caused by wildfires, advancements in technology and increased awareness can lead to better air quality management. Innovations in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are gradually reducing our reliance on fossil fuels, which are major contributors to air pollution. With continued investment in clean technologies and infrastructure, we can expect significant improvements in air quality over the coming decades. 

Global efforts to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions will also play a critical role in improving air quality worldwide. Internal agreements like the Paris Agreement aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which not only helps mitigate global warming but also lessens air pollution. Policies promoting energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, and reforestation contribute to cleaner air by reducing pollutants and increasing the planet’s capacity to absorb carbon dioxide. Public awareness campaigns and educational programs are crucial in encouraging individuals and communities to adopt eco-friendly practices and support environmental initiatives. Working together, we can create a healthier, more sustainable environment for future generations. Check out our blog on Water Advisory to know more about it: Understanding Water Advisories