Understanding Earthquakes: Safety Tips, Preparedness, and What to Do

What Are Earthquakes?

Earthquakes are sudden, intense vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by the release of energy within the Earth’s crust. This energy is typically unleashed when tectonic plates—massive sections of the Earth’s surface—shift or collide, creating seismic waves ripple through the ground. These waves can lead to anything from mild tremors to devastating ground movement, depending on the event's intensity. Earthquakes are a powerful reminder of how dynamic and active our planet truly is.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), approximately 20,000 earthquakes occur around the world each year—about 55 per day. Most of these are too small to be noticed, but about 16 of them are classified as major earthquakes annually. This includes roughly 15 earthquakes in the magnitude 7 range and at least one that reaches 8.0 or higher on the Richter scale. One of the most earthquake-prone areas on the planet is the “Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe-shaped belt surrounding the Pacific Ocean. It is home to over 450 volcanoes and experiences frequent tectonic activity, making it the most seismically active region in the world.

The Impact of Earthquakes: Risks of Injury and Fatality

The danger of earthquakes extends far beyond the shaking ground. One of the biggest threats during an earthquake is the collapse of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure, which can cause serious injuries or loss of life. The World Bank estimates that around 60,000 people die each year from natural disasters, with earthquakes being a major contributor—especially in areas where buildings are not constructed to withstand strong seismic activity.

The likelihood of injury or death during an earthquake is directly tied to how well buildings are constructed and how prepared communities are. In regions with outdated or poorly enforced building codes, structures are far more likely to fail under the stress of a powerful quake. That’s why earthquake-resistant construction, community education, and personal preparedness are essential. Taking steps to understand earthquake risks and how to respond can drastically reduce the potential for harm when the ground starts to shake.

What To Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake

Being prepared before an earthquake strikes—and knowing what to do during and after—can make the difference between life and death. Here's a detailed breakdown of steps you can take to stay safe and minimize damage.

Before an Earthquake: How to Prepare

Preparation is the most effective way to reduce injury, property damage, and stress during an earthquake. Here’s how to get ready:

• Anchor shelves and heavy furniture to walls. Place heavier items on lower shelves to prevent tipping.
• Avoid hanging heavy objects (like mirrors or picture frames) above beds, sofas, or frequently used spaces.
• Brace ceiling fixtures such as chandeliers to prevent them from falling.
• Inspect and repair gas and electrical systems to reduce the risk of fires and leaks.

2.  Enhance Structural Safety

• Secure water heaters and large appliances with straps and bolts.
• Reinforce foundations and repair wall cracks to improve your home’s resilience.
• Safely store hazardous materials like flammable liquids and toxic chemicals in cabinets with secure latches.

3. Prepare Emergency Supplies and Identify Safe Spaces

• Find safe zones in each room—like under sturdy furniture or next to interior walls.
• Assemble an emergency kit that includes essentials like a flashlight with extra batteries, a battery-operated radio, a first aid kit, an emergency food and water supply, a non-electric can opener, sturdy shoes, and necessary medications. To learn how to prepare an emergency kit, check out our latest article: 72-Hour Emergency Kits: The Ultimate Guide to Emergency Preparedness

4. Create a Family Emergency Plan

• Teach utility shut-off procedures (gas, water, electricity).
• Designate a meeting spot and an out-of-town contact.
• Ensure all family members know how to use fire extinguishers.

During an Earthquake: Stay Calm, Stay Safe

The actions you take during earthquakes can be lifesaving. Knowing how to react during earthquakes to be as safe as possible can significantly reduce the risk of injury. Here are guidelines for staying safe:

1. If You’re Indoors

• Drop, Cover, and Hold On - Drop to your hands and knees to prevent being knocked over. Cover your head and neck with your arms, and seek shelter under a sturdy piece of furniture. Hold on to it until the shaking stops.
• Stay Away from Windows and Heavy Objects - Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors, walls, and anything that could fall, such as light fixtures or furniture.
• Do Not Run Outside - The exterior of a building is one of the most dangerous places during an earthquake due to falling debris. Stay indoors and move to a safe location within the building. Trying to exit a building during shaking is dangerous. 

2.  If You’re Outdoors

• Move to an Open Area - If you are outside, move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires. Find an open space and stay there until the shaking stops.

3. If You’re in a Vehicle

• Pull Over Safely - If you are driving, stop as quickly and safely as possible, staying away from overpasses, bridges, power lines, and large trees. Remain in the vehicle with your seatbelt fastened until the shaking stops.
• Proceed with Caution - After the shaking stops, proceed with caution, avoiding damaged roads, bridges, and ramps.

After an Earthquake: Stay Aware and Alert

Even after the shaking stops, dangers remain—especially from aftershocks and structural damage.

1. Be Prepared for Aftershocks

• Aftershocks can follow minutes or days later. Stay alert and ready to protect yourself again.

2. Check for Injuries and Help Others

• Administer first aid if needed.
• Check on family members, neighbors, and those who may need extra assistance, like the elderly or disabled.

3. Stay Informed and Follow Instructions

• Use a battery-powered radio to listen for emergency alerts or evacuation orders.
• Follow official directions from local authorities.

4. Inspect Your Home for Hazards

• Avoid entering damaged buildings - they may be structurally unsafe.
• Check for gas leaks - If you smell gas, turn off the supply and avoid open flames or electrical switches.
• Turn off utilities if needed (gas, water, electricity).
• Watch for fire hazards, especially if chimneys or fireplaces are damaged.
• Open cabinets cautiously to avoid falling items.

Pets and Earthquakes: Ensuring Animal Safety

Just like people, pets can become frightened or disoriented during and after earthquakes. Their instincts may cause them to hide, run away, or behave unpredictably. Being prepared can help keep your furry family members safe and calm during emergencies.

• Monitor Behavior Changes - Pets may become agitated, aggressive, or disoriented. Keep them secure in a safe area or on a leash to prevent them from running away.
• Prepare a Pet Emergency Kit - Include several days' worth of dry food, a large water container, medications, a leash or carrier, and any necessary pet supplies.
• Shelter Considerations - Be aware that not all emergency shelters accept pets. Plan to identify pet-friendly shelters or alternative accommodations.

Prepare for Earthquakes by Participating in International ShakeOut Day

One of the most impactful ways to get ready for an earthquake is by joining International ShakeOut Day, a global event that promotes earthquake awareness and preparedness. Held annually on the third Thursday of October, the event encourages people everywhere to practice the life-saving “Drop, Cover, and Hold On” drill.

In 2024, ShakeOut Day falls on October 17. Last year, more than 56.4 million people participated worldwide—including 725,000 participants in British Columbia. As of now, over 94,000 British Columbians have already registered for the upcoming drill.

Why Participate in Earthquake Drills?

• Practice Makes Preparedness - Earthquakes strike without warning. Practicing your response helps make it second nature when seconds count.
• Build Community Readiness - Schools, workplaces, governments, and families can all participate, creating a culture of safety and awareness. Check out our article on Emergency Preparedness: 5 Steps to Planning an Emergency Preparedness Week Campaign at Your Company
• Update Emergency Plans - Use the event as a reminder to review and improve personal and organizational emergency plans.

The Risk of a Tsunami Following Earthquakes

While the shaking of an earthquake is dangerous enough on its own, there’s an added threat for coastal areas: tsunamis. These massive sea waves are typically caused by underwater earthquakes that displace large volumes of water. When triggered, tsunamis can travel across oceans at jetliner speeds and cause devastating damage when they reach land.

One of the most catastrophic examples occurred in 2004, when a powerful undersea earthquake struck the Indian Ocean. The resulting tsunami produced waves up to 100 feet high, claiming more than 225,000 lives across several countries and causing widespread destruction along coastal regions.

What to Do If Your Area Is Under a Tsunami Warning Before or After Earthquakes

Whether before or after an earthquake, a tsunami warning demands immediate action. Here's what you should do:

• Protect Yourself During the Earthquake - First things first, if you experience shaking, Drop, Cover, and Hold On to protect yourself from falling objects or structural damage.
• Evacuate to Higher Ground - Evacuate to high ground as far inland as possible. Even a modest elevation can make a significant difference in safety.
• Watch for Natural Warning Signs - Be aware of natural tsunami warning signs, such as a rapid receding or sudden rise in ocean water levels. These changes often precede the arrival of the first tsunami waves.
• Listen and Respond to Official Alerts - Tune in to emergency broadcasts or alerts on your phone or radio. Follow all evacuation instructions from local authorities without delay.
• If You’re on a Boat - If you are on a boat and receive a tsunami warning, head to sea, where the water is deeper and less affected by tsunami waves. Avoid docking at the shore where the waves will be most intense.

Preparing for Earthquakes May Save Your Life

Earthquakes can strike without warning, but being prepared can make all the difference. By understanding how earthquakes work and taking proactive steps before, during, and after an event, you can protect yourself, your family, and even your pets from serious harm. From securing your home and assembling emergency kits to participating in International ShakeOut Day and staying alert to tsunami risks, preparedness is your strongest defense. It’s not just about having supplies—it’s also about building the confidence to act quickly and effectively when every second counts.

Earthquake readiness isn’t just physical—it’s mental and emotional, too. Knowing what to do helps reduce fear and panic, so you can respond with a clear head in high-stress moments. For more resources and guidance:

• Visit ShakeOut.org to join a drill or access free preparedness materials.
• Visit Ready.gov for detailed earthquake and tsunami safety tips.

You can’t predict an earthquake, but you can be ready for one.

Stay safe. Stay informed. Stay prepared.